定語從句用法的總結
定語從句在句中相當于一個形容詞,下面定語從句用法的總結是小編想跟大家分享的,歡迎大家瀏覽。
一.定語從句及相關術語
1.定語從句:修飾某一句中的名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。被修飾的詞稱為先行詞。
2.關系詞:引導定語從句的關聯詞稱為關系詞
關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關系副詞有where, when, why等。
關系詞常有3個作用:
1,引導定語從句。
2,代替先行詞。
3,在定語從句中擔當一個成分。
二.關系代詞引導的定語從句
1.who指人,在從句中做主語
(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意:關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時,相當于who或者whom;指物時,相當于which。在賓語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year
rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物時,常用以下結構來代替
(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4)The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5)Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6)Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句
1. 關系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時,從句常由介詞+關系代詞引導
(1)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2)The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5)We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talk-ed about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
2.關系代詞前的介詞的選擇
* 由先行詞的習慣搭配或根據先行詞的需要。
(1) The speed at which light travels is 300,000 km per second. (at the speed of …以…速度)
(2) The reason for which he didn’t come to school was that he was ill. (for a certain reason 由于某種原因)
* 介詞可能是從句短語動詞的一個固定部分或固定搭配
(3) Don’t bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid. (be afraid of 害怕)
(4) This is the teacher from whom I borrowed the book. (borrow from…從…借入
注意:1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介詞放在關系代詞前,關系代詞指人時用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時用 which,不能用that;關系代詞是所有格時用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介詞+關系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四.關系副詞引導的定語從句
1. when指時間,在定語從句中做時間狀語
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地點,在定語從句中做地點狀語
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定語從句中做原因狀語
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意:1.關系副詞引導的從句可以由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的從句替換
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
2.當先行詞為時間、地點、原因名詞時,如果在從句中不是作狀語時,不可用關系副詞引導。
(1)The reason (that/which) he gave for being late is that his mother was ill.
(2)They make me think of the happy days (that/which) we spent together.
(3)Is this factory the one (that/which) they visited the day before yester- day.
定語從句用法講解
一、定語從句的識別
1、結構識別:名詞+連接詞+句子
【例句】Kevin gave us a wonderful training course, which left us a deep impression.
【解析】這個句子的前身應該是這樣的:Kevin gave us a wonderful training course. It left us a deep impression. it就是指代前面這個句子,這樣兩個句子就有了共有的名詞,連接兩個具有共同名詞的句子是定語從句的作用,就可以用which代替it,這樣就有了示例中的非限定性定語從句。
2、常用連接詞:
關系代詞:who, whom, which, that, as, whose
關系連詞:when, where, why, how
介詞+關系代詞:as和that以及who一般不能接到介詞后引導句子
二、定語從句的處理方法
1、按照定語的處理方法將定語從句前置,這種處理方式適用于比較短的和起修飾限定作用的定語從句。
2、在考研中大多數的定語從句起的作用是連接句子,因此我們通常把定語從句從整個句子中獨立拆分出來單獨成為一個句子,這種處理方法的關鍵是找到連接詞,拆分點就是連接詞。
對于“介詞+連接詞”引導的定語從句,拆分點就在介詞處。
【例句】There is something by virtue of which man is man.
【譯文】存在一種特性,人之所以為人就是由于這種特性。
【解析】這句話其實是由以下兩句話變來的:
1)There is something.
2)Man is man by virtue of this thing.這兩句話中有共有的名詞something和this thing,用which替換掉this thing再把of which提前,得到:There is something of which man is man by virtue
三、例句分析
【例句】Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
【譯文】對資本和企業的這種大規模的非個人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數量和重要性。這個階層作為國計民生的一部分,代表了非個人責任的財富與土地及土地所有者應盡義務的分離,而且也幾乎與責任管理相分離。
【解析】句子的主干為:Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased…shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…這句話的難點還在于其主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結構限定,并且分句是由兩個and相連的3個部分組成的。
分句an element…landowners又帶有兩個定語從句,一個是(which was)representing…,另一個是(which was)detached…。可見,定語從句的難點在于經常省略“引導詞+be”的結構,從而在理解上容易和分詞結構相混淆。實際上定語從句并不符合漢語的使用習慣。所以翻譯時遇上定語從句,一定不要機械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長的情況,把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個階層”開始另起一句。
定語從句用法的詳解
一、定語從句的有關概念
所謂定語從句,就是在復合句中起定語作用以修飾主句中的名詞或代詞的從句。學習定語從句,首先要弄清兩個重要概念——先行詞和關系詞。
先行詞是我們漢語中從來沒有聽過的一個新概念,它其實指的就是被定語從句所修飾的詞。由于定語從句修飾名詞或代詞時,定語從句通常是后置的,所以人們就將放在定語從句前被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。
那什么是關系詞呢?其實它就是用于引導定語從句的引導詞。事實上,英語中的各類從句,不管性質如何,它們都需要有一個詞來“引導”,正如人們給引導狀語從句的詞語取了個名字叫從屬連詞一樣,人們也給引導定語從句的詞語取了個名字,叫它關系詞,因為它通常被放在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用,以表明兩者之間的修飾關系,同時它還在定語從句中充當一定的句子成分。
二、定語從句中關系詞與所修飾先行詞的關系
為了更好地理解定語從句,我們還有必要研究一下關系詞與先行詞之間的關系。但在研究這種關系之前,我們先來看看關系詞有哪些。
根據關系詞在定語從句中的作用,我們可以將關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞兩種。所謂關系代詞就是指起代詞作用的關系詞,它們在引導定語從句的同時,還在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、賓語等,英語中比較常用的關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose等。
類似地,關系副詞就是指起副詞作用的關系詞,它們在引導定語從句的同時,還在定語從句中充當狀語等,英語中比較常用的關系副詞只有三個,即when, where和why。
許多初學定語從句的人弄不清關系詞與先行詞之間到底是什么關系。其實啊,關系詞與先行詞之間的關系很簡單,簡單得可以劃一個等號。因為,關系詞的含義在本質上等價于先行詞,它與先行詞指的就是同一個人或同一個事物。為便于理解,下面我們來看幾個例子吧。
I know the man who lives next door.我認識住在隔壁的那個人。
這是一個含有定語從句的復合句。句中的the man為先行詞,who lives next door為修飾the man的定語從句;在定語從句中,who是關系詞,它在定語從句中用作主語,從意義上說,它在此所表示的意思與先行詞the man等價,換句話說,上面這個句子與下面這個句子等價:I know the man. He lives next door.我認識這個人,它就住在隔壁。
She will never forget the day when she got married.她永遠不會忘記她結婚的這一天。
句中的the day為先行詞,when she got married為修飾the day的定語從句;在定語從句中,when是關系詞,它在定語從句中用作狀語,從意義上說,它在此與“介詞+先行詞”所表示的意思等價,也就是說上面的句子與下面這個句子等價:She will never forget the day. On that day she got married.她永遠不會忘記這一天,在這一天她結婚了。
三、定語從句的翻譯
許多英語初學者往往弄不明白為什么引導定語從句的關系詞which不能譯為“哪一個”,who不能譯為“誰”,when不能譯為“什么時候”,where不能譯為“什么地方”,等等。
首先,我們必須要明白一點,那就是引導定語從句的which, who, when, where, why等是關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞),而不是疑問詞,所以不能按疑問詞的意思來理解。
前面我們講到,英語中的定語從句總是后置的,即要放在被修飾名詞或代詞之后;但在漢語中,定語通常是前置的,也就是說定語要放在被修飾名詞的前面,并通常表現為“……的”這樣的形式。當我們翻譯英語中定語從句的時候,一般可以按漢語習慣,將定語從句翻譯在被修飾的名詞或代詞之前,而其中的關系詞一般就是譯成漢語中的“……的”。如:
He showed me the article that he had written.他把他寫的文章拿給我看。
句中的that he had written為修飾名詞the article的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“他寫的文章”,其中的關系代詞that在此譯成了“的”字。
She was not in the train which arrived just now.她不在剛到的那列火車上。
句中的which arrived just now為修飾名詞the train的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“剛才到的那列火車”,其中的關系代詞which在此也譯成了“的”字。
Sunday is the day when very few people go to work.星期日是沒什么人上班的日子。
句中的when very few people go to work為修飾名詞the day的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“沒什么人去上班的日子”,其中的關系副詞when在此也譯成了“的”字。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.這就是我們去年夏天住的旅館。
句中的when very few people go to work為修飾名詞the day的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“沒什么人去上班的日子”,其中的關系副詞when在此也譯成了“的”字。
Give me one reason why we should help you.給我舉出一個我們應當幫助你的理由。
句中的why we should help you為修飾名詞one reason的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“我們應當幫助你的理由”,其中的關系副詞why在此也譯成了“的”字。
當然,我們上面介紹的是翻譯定語從句最簡單同時也是最基本的方法,由于英語句子千變萬化,定語從句的表現形式也靈活多樣,有些含有定語從句的句子可能用此方法翻譯會顯得別扭,但只要掌握了這個基本的方法,再加上適當的變通,翻譯定語從句也就不難了。
四、定語從句中關系代詞的省略
省略關系代詞最典型的情形就是當關系代詞在定語從句中用作賓語的時候。在定語從句中能夠用作賓語的關系代詞有that, which, who, whom。如:
Those books (that) you lent me were very useful.你借給我的那些書很有用。
句中的(that) you lent me為修飾those books的定語從句,引導定語從句的關系代詞that在定語從句中用作動詞lent的賓語,故可以省略。
I wore the necklace (which) my mother had left me.我戴著我媽留給我的項鏈。
句中的(which) my mother had left me為修飾the necklace的定語從句,引導定語從句的關系代詞which在定語從句中用作動詞left的賓語,故可以省略。
Do you still remember the boy (who, whom) I was going out with?你還記得那個跟我約會的小伙子嗎?
句中的(who, whom) I was going out with為修飾the boy的定語從句,引導定語從句的關系代詞who / whom在定語從句中用作句尾介詞with的賓語,故可以省略。
注意:我們說的關系代詞的省略只限于限制性定語從句,在非限制性定語從句中,即使關系代詞用作賓語也不能省略。另外,當關系代詞直接用作介詞后作賓語時,此時也不能省略。如:
I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.我想找到一個可以和我談書和音樂的人。
此句中的關系代詞which雖然也是用作賓語,但不能省略,因為它是直接跟在介詞with后面作賓語。但是,如果將此句改寫一下,將介詞with置于句末,則可以將關系代詞whom省略。如:
I wanted to find someone (whom) I could discuss books and music with.我想找到一個可以和我談書和音樂的人。
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